Lancet Oncol:EGFR抗体西妥昔单抗可以作为结直肠癌维持治疗的优化方案(COIN-B研究)

2014-04-28 MedSci MedSci原创

过去的15年里,晚期结直肠癌的治疗有了很大的进展。直到20世纪90年代末,结直肠癌仍被认为是对化疗抵抗的疾病,只能应用氟尿嘧啶进行姑息治疗。然而,现在有很多可行的治疗方案。化疗和生物学药物(包括EGFR或VEGF抗体)的联合一线治疗,以及疾病进展时不同的有效药物序贯应用,能够明显改善预后。参与临床试验的患者的生存期的中位数经常超过2年。患者一开始肝转移灶不能手术切除,在治疗后可变为可以手术切除

过去的15年里,晚期结直肠癌的治疗有了很大的进展。直到20世纪90年代末,结直肠癌仍被认为是对化疗抵抗的疾病,只能应用氟尿嘧啶进行姑息治疗。然而,现在有很多可行的治疗方案。化疗和生物学药物(包括EGFR或VEGF抗体)的联合一线治疗,以及疾病进展时不同的有效药物序贯应用,能够明显改善预后。参与临床试验的患者的生存期的中位数经常超过2年。患者一开始肝转移灶不能手术切除,在治疗后可变为可以手术切除的肿瘤,从而拥有了治愈的机会。

然而,尽管有这些进展,但是临床上晚期结直肠癌患者的最优的治疗方案仍未明确。现在仍有争议的问题包括不同的化疗和生物制剂何时应用、治疗的持续时间和个体化治疗。

预测性生物标志物可以帮助医生选择个体化治疗。在传统KRAS外显子2突变的基础上,NRAS和KRAS外显子3和4突变的发现增加了预测的价值。所有RAS野生型的肿瘤患者会在应用EGFR抗体(西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗)治疗后获益,然而这些药物对于RAS突变的患者是有害的。另外,抗血管生成的药物尚无明确的预测性生物标志物。

在这一方面,Harpreet Wasan和他的同事们在一个II期随机试验中评估了两种西妥昔单抗治疗方案联合FOLFOX间断化疗方案(亚叶酸、奥沙利铂,随后口服丸剂或输注氟尿嘧啶)化疗的效果。只有KRAS外显子2野生型的患者符合条件。他们也对NRAS、BRAF和其他KRAS突变进行了回顾性分析。

以前的COIN试验结果显示,间断应用奥沙利铂联合化疗方案有效,对生存期无明显不利影响。然而,尽管如此,临床医生不会考虑在12周后停止化疗。尽管在神经毒性出现时或经过6个月的化疗后就会停用奥沙利铂,但是在疾病发生进展以前氟尿嘧啶和生物学药物会一直持续使用。

在COIN-B试验中,研究者们挑战了这一方案,评估了持续和间断应用西妥昔单抗的疗效。在持续西妥昔单抗治疗组中,经过12个周FOLFOX方案联合西妥昔单抗治疗后,所有患者都继续每周应用西妥昔单抗,只有(应用实体瘤评价标准评价)疾病发生进展时才再次应用FOLFOX方案。在间断应用西妥昔单抗治疗组中,在停止治疗后每12周评估(应用实体瘤评价标准评价)疾病进展情况,只有疾病发生进展时才再次应用化疗+西妥昔单抗。

COIN-B试验未对每个组的结果进行比较,因为每个组都是一个单独的II期试验。主要评价指标是完成12周的化疗、未发生进展、死亡或因其他原因退出试验的患者10个月时的无失败生存率。这一传统的III期试验设计的10个月时无失败生存率的临界值为50%。两组中NRAS野生型肿瘤患者都达到了这一标准(间断应用西妥昔单抗组患者10个月时无失败生存率为50%,持续应用西妥昔单抗组患者10个月时无失败生存率为52%)。如我们所料,NRAS和BRAF均为野生型的患者的这一结果更令人满意。

这些数据表明,我们需要对结直肠癌进行分子分类,这样可以使临床医生能为患者选择最有效的治疗方案。我们将为存在EGFR驱动的、基因型为野生型的肿瘤患者选择最理想的治疗方案,这些患者将从EFGR抑制剂中获益最大。研究者们已经做出了一些有效的分类尝试,但还要在临床试验中进一步确认。

需要进一步研究的另一个主题是肿瘤克隆的动态演变。在持续治疗选择的压力下,新出现的RAS突变会导致肿瘤对EGFR抗体产生抵抗。间断治疗会阻止这样的克隆的出现。液体组织活检能发现突变,对生物治疗的试验设计也有效。

我们同意COIN-B试验的研究者们的意见,在III期随机试验进一步确认以前,这些结果不能转化为临床实践。然而,COIN-B试验提出了一个清楚的假设。EGFR依赖性肿瘤患者只需要化疗很短的时间,然后应用西妥昔单抗维持治疗或在疾病进展后再化疗。MRC FOCUS 4是在结直肠癌患者中进行的根据分子分类的、多位点随机试验,该试验在英国已经开始应用,可能会帮助临床医生选择最好的治疗方案。

原始出处:

Wasan H, Meade AM, Adams R, Wilson R, Pugh C, Fisher D, Sydes B, Madi A, Sizer B, Lowdell C, Middleton G, Butler R, Kaplan R, Maughan T; on behalf of the COIN-B investigators.Intermittent chemotherapy plus either intermittent or continuous cetuximab for first-line treatment of patients with KRAS wild-type advanced colorectal cancer (COIN-B): a randomised phase 2 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr 2. pii: S1470-2045(14)70106-8.

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    2014-07-15 chengjn
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    2014-11-07 minlingfeng
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    2015-04-14 howi
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    2014-04-30 liuyiping

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NEJM:家用结直肠癌DNA检查工具问世

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NCCN 2013:结直肠癌患者都应筛查林奇综合征

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