一表总结不同时期ICH的磁共振表现

2021-08-02 Dr. Wu彤 MedSci原创

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脑出血是一种严重威胁人类健康的疾病,因其高发病率、高复发率和高致残率,给患者、家庭、社区乃至国家带来了沉重的负担。与西方国家相比,我国脑出血发病率更高。与缺血性卒中比较,脑出血急性期病死率更高,有效治疗手段更加有限。脑出血发病后仅不足20%的患者能够独立生活。目前,脑出血的病理生理机制尚不清楚,治疗方法有限。

随着MRI技术的不断发展,MRI检查逐渐被广泛应用于急性脑出血的临床诊断中,其具有明确定位、定性的优势。

脑内血肿的MRI信号一般演变规律:

一般可以把脑内血肿分为超急性期、急性期、亚急性早期、亚急性中期、亚急性晚期、慢性期

(一)超急性期是指出血的即刻,漏出的血液尚未凝固实际上该期仅持续数分钟到数十分钟,临床上极少遇到。为含氧血红蛋白,对MR信号的影响轻微,超急性期尚未凝固的血液表现出血液的长T1长T2特性,因此在T1WI上表现为略低信号,在T2WI上呈现高信号,在FLAIR上也呈现高信号。

脑出血超急性期MRI表现

(二)急性期

一般为出血后2天内。在这一期红细胞的细胞膜保持完整,细胞内的氧合血红蛋白释放出氧变成脱氧血红蛋白。脱氧血红蛋白的顺磁性效应,造成局部磁场的不均匀,其外周环绕高信号水肿带。细胞内脱氧血红蛋白对T1值的影响较小,因此该期血肿在T1WI上信号变化不明显,常表现为略低信号或等信号,T2WI上表现为低信号,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。血肿周围的水肿在MRI上表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI较高信号。

脑出血急性期MRI表现示意图与MRI影像

(三)亚急性早期

一般为出血后第3天到第7天。该期红细胞的细胞膜仍保持完整,细胞内开始出现正铁血红蛋白,因此该期也被称为正铁血红蛋白细胞内期,细胞内正铁血红蛋白的出现一般从血肿周边向中心逐渐发展。由于细胞内正铁血红蛋白具有较强的顺磁性,使血肿的T1值缩短,因此在T1WI上血肿从周边向中央逐渐出现高信号。该期血肿在T2WI上不表现为高信号,一般仍为低信号,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。

脑出血亚急性早期MRI表现

(四)亚急性晚期

一般为出血后第7天到第14天。该期红细胞从血肿周边向中心逐渐开始溶解破裂,高铁血红蛋白分布于血肿液中。此时高铁血红蛋白仍然是那个和水亲密接触的顺磁性分子,没有一丝丝改变,所以对T1的影响不变,在T1像仍呈高信号。但是高铁血红蛋白从红细胞释放出来后,分布变得相对均匀,失去了磁场不均一性,因此局部磁敏感效应消失,T2缩短效应消失,在T2像呈现原本水肿液的信号,即高信号,在FLAIR上也呈现高信号。

亚急性晚期血肿内局部磁敏感效应消失机制示意图

脑出血亚急性晚期MRI表现

(五)慢性期

一般为出血3周仍至数月以后。血肿逐渐吸收或液化,病灶周边的巨噬细  胞内有明显的含铁血黄素沉积。因此该期血肿逐渐演变为液化灶,在T1WI上为低信号,在T2WI上为高信号;周围的含铁血黄素在T2WI上表现为低信号环,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。

脑出血的演变是一个复杂的过程,根据患者出血量的大小,患者的年龄,局部血液供应的好坏,脑出血吸收情况及分期时间并不相同,所以临床医生需要动态评估患者的疾病过程,对于磁共振表现给予合理的解读

注:脑出血 MRI 信号变化各个分期并非有严格界限,是连续变化,此表格知识辅助学习,血液根据组织时间的演变,周围血管相通与否,都是不停演变的,需要灵活运用。

 

参考文献:

1、脑出血临床诊断思路和科研级专病病历建设,李琦,《中国医学前沿杂志(电子版)》

2、CT与 MRI检查在脑梗死并脑出血诊断中的价值研究,代媛代凤霞 李新胜,GuizhouMedicalJournal

3、脑出血各期 MRI特点及诊断,韩羽凤张子林 朱海波 ,长江大学学报

4、白人驹,张雪林. 医学影像诊断学.北京: 人民卫生出版社 (第3版).

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    2021-10-11 ms5000002099118544

    学习学习

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    2021-09-28 12c1dd61m3

    学习了

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    2021-08-04 diushouji
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    2021-08-02 ms3000001999514966

    物理信号

    0

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European Journal of Medical Research:多发性硬化症治疗中疾病缓解药物对脑出血的影响

这篇文章强调了理解DMDs与ICH之间复杂关系的重要性,并指出了未来研究的方向,以期改善MS患者的临床管理。

论著|注射体积对老年患者中等量基底节区脑出血微创穿刺术后临床疗效的影响

探讨药物总量控制下注射体积对老年患者中等量基底节区脑出血微创穿刺术后临床疗效的影响。

【论著】基于CiteSpace及VOSviewer的脑出血手术治疗相关研究现状及趋势的可视化分析

通过对发表文献国家、机构、作者和关键词的综合分析,了解该领域的研究现状,明确当前的热点问题,探讨未来可能的研究方向及趋势。

郑州大学Science子刊:原位植入式DNA水凝胶,可用于脑出血术后再出血诊断与治疗

研究开发血红蛋白响应性 DNA 水凝胶,用于脑出血术后再出血治疗。可自我诊断再出血并按需释放药物,抑制铁死亡。在动物模型中效果显著,为临床治疗提供新手段和自我诊断反馈。

2024 NCS指南:危重成人脑出血患者神经预后指南

美国神经重症监护学会(NCS,Neurocritical Care Society) · 2023-11-03

《脑出血医疗质量控制指标》的解读

复旦大学附属华山医院神经内科 · 2024-01-20

2023 ESO 专家共识声明:脑出血患者应使用急性集束化护理

欧洲卒中组织(ESO,European Stroke Organisation) · 2023-12-27

2023 重症成人脑出血患者的神经预测指南

国外神经内科相关专家小组(统称) · 2023-11-03