Nature:先天免疫抗菌防御的最后一击

2022-08-29 Enwin 生命科学前沿

研究者发现氨基糖激酶NAGK可将MDP C6位的OH基上磷酸化,生成磷酸化的MDP;MDP的这种NAGK依赖性磷酸化是使宿主的病原体相关模式分子NOD2识别的关键。

当细菌进入人体时,先天免疫系统通常只需要几分钟就能识别出来,并启动免疫防御。

在这一过程中,识别细菌细胞壁成分的免疫系统NOD2受体发挥着核心作用。NOD2是一种胞内受体(图1),主要由免疫细胞和肠粘膜细胞产生,可以识别分子胞壁酰二肽(MDP)——细菌细胞壁中普遍存在的成分。当被MDP分子激活时,NOD2会触发炎症反应,其中包括阻止细菌进入肠壁。然而,在NOD2受体识别MDP分子这一过程中,如何变化及发挥相关作用的目前仍然不清楚。

图片

Figure | Molecular underpinnings of an inflammatory bowel disease [1]

2022年8月24日,Nature在线发表题为“Phosphorylation of muramyl peptides by NAGK is required for NOD2 activation”学术论文。免疫学家Veit Hornung课题组发现了NOD2受体识别细菌MDP过程中以前未知的一个关键中间步骤,揭示了氨基糖代谢和对细菌细胞壁的先天免疫之间的联系。

为了研究哪些基因参与了细菌MDP识别过程,研究人员在培养的单倍体细胞KBM-7中进行了正向遗传筛选。通过构建红色荧光蛋白(mScarlet)融合表达IL-1β的KBM-IL-1βmScarlet细胞株,并在MDP刺激下基于CRISPR技术对IL-1β正负调控因子进行筛选突变,利用深度测序的方式统计并计算基因突变的富集度,最终结果显示102个基因可正向调控MDP依赖的IL-1β- mScarlet的表达。除了IL-1β本身,还发现了NOD2信号通路的其他组成部分的基因,包括NOD2、RIPK2和XIAP,以及许多编码参与NF-κB和MAPK信号转导的基因。除了这些预期的组成部分,令人惊喜的是,数据中发现NAGK是一个非常重要的基因。

NAGK是糖激酶/Hsp70/肌动蛋白超家族的成员之一,以依赖于ATP的方式使某些底物磷酸化。随后的分子生物学和生化研究相关数据表明,NAGK在导致促炎基因表达的MDP识别中过程中具有重要作用,并且独立于该酶在糖代谢中的功能。

图片

Fig. 1 | A haploid genetic screen reveals regulators of NOD2.

为了进一步探究NAGK对于识别MDP过程中发挥怎样的功能?研究者利用CRISPR/Cas9技术建立了NAGK敲除细胞株,并通过对比野生型与NAGK缺失型细胞株在MDP类似物刺激处理下,NOD2受体相关信号通路分子的表达情况,最终确定了NAGK是NOD2受体上游所特需的,而非其它促炎信号通路所需要的。

图片

Fig. 2 | NAGK is required for MDP recognition

NAGK在NOD2中的上游作用提示NAGK要么在MDP摄取中起作用,要么直接修饰MDP使其具有刺激性。在NAGK缺失的情况下,荧光标记的MDP的摄取不受影响;根据假设,为了评估NAGK是否能直接磷酸化MDP,研究者在大肠杆菌中表达了重组人NAGK,并将其用于不同底物的体外激酶活性测定。通过薄层层析(TLC)显示了磷酸盐向各自底物的潜在转移;结果表明,L18-MDP在体外不能被NAGK磷酸化,但在细胞内以NAGK依赖的方式发挥强大的NOD2刺激活性,直接将MDP C6位的OH基上磷酸化,生成磷酸化的MDP。

图片

Fig. 3 | NAGK phosphorylates MDP to render it NOD2-agonistic.

为了进一步探究NAGK是否对小鼠原代细胞中的NOD2信号转导必不可少?研究者通过靶向CRISPR-Cas9介导的NAGK基因外显子2-5的缺失来产生NAGK缺陷小鼠。从野生型和NAGK/小鼠中获得了骨髓来源的巨噬细胞(BMDM),并在干扰素诱导的条件下进行了研究。与用细胞系获得的结果一致,用ELISA法测定,NAGK/BMDM在MDP刺激下不产生肿瘤坏死因子或IL-6。除此,经MDP刺激后,野生型细胞中有1,041个亚磷酸盐显著上调,298个亚磷酸盐显著下调。而NAGK/BMDM在刺激后仅有4个亚磷酸盐发生显著改变。结果表明原代小鼠巨噬细胞需要NAGK来感知NOD2激动型刺激。

图片

Fig. 4 | NAGK is essential for NOD2 signalling in mouse BMDMs

综上所述,研究者发现氨基糖激酶NAGK可将MDP C6位的OH基上磷酸化,生成磷酸化的MDP;MDP的这种NAGK依赖性磷酸化是使宿主的病原体相关模式分子NOD2识别的关键。即NOD2要确定其目标分子MDP,必须首先被NAGK转化为其磷酸化形式。NAGK的这一作用以前是未知的,并且独立于该酶在糖代谢中的功能。除此,研究者表示,由于NOD2基因的突变与克罗恩病有关,推测NAGK也可能在炎症性肠病的发生发展机制中有着一定的关系。

参考文献:

[1] Plevy S. A molecular connection hints at how a genetic risk factor drives Crohn's disease. Nature. 2021 May;593(7858):201-203. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-00979-z.

原文:Stafford CA, et al. Phosphorylation of muramyl peptides by NAGK is required for NOD2 activation. Nature. 2022 Aug 24. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05125-x.

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    2023-03-08 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1886004, encodeId=cb8f188600488, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 08 01:20:16 CST 2023, time=2023-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1243202, encodeId=4315124320246, content=好文章,新思路,学习一下。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a608308275, createdName=ms9000002014399458, createdTime=Sun Sep 04 23:23:19 CST 2022, time=2022-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330913, encodeId=fced13309135a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Wed Aug 31 07:20:16 CST 2022, time=2022-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585832, encodeId=bd7a1585832cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ec1285864b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天免疫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28586, encryptionId=4ec1285864b, topicName=先天免疫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=50ec17296275, createdName=liubm561, createdTime=Wed Aug 31 07:20:16 CST 2022, time=2022-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1241907, encodeId=eb5d124190e2c, content=好文章,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJlfgys76DEiaNtbYo2re3ibjrUPTRibEXRyFwAB4aAGiave842S0FQDf0wAoaH226NiaSoPPDzhndsf1g/132, createdBy=88b489038, createdName=yangchou, createdTime=Mon Aug 29 20:40:01 CST 2022, time=2022-08-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-09-04 ms9000002014399458

    好文章,新思路,学习一下。

    0

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    2022-08-29 yangchou

    好文章,谢谢分享。

    0