群英荟萃,深度聚焦:中国脊髓性肌萎缩症呼吸管理专家研讨会成功召开

2021-11-04 网络 网络

脊髓性肌萎缩症(spinal muscular atrophy,SMA)的诊治有何新进展?

脊髓性肌萎缩症(spinal muscular atrophy,SMA)是由于脊髓α-运动神经元变性,导致近端肢体和躯干进行性、对称性肌无力和肌萎缩的神经变性病[1]。SMA居2岁以下儿童致死性遗传病首位,累及呼吸系统导致的呼吸衰竭是最常见的死因,因而合理有效的疾病呼吸管理意义重大[2]。随着SMA多学科管理专家共识的发表,呼吸管理策略已由被动治疗转变为早期开始的主动治疗。6月16日中国国家药品监督管理局通过优先审批程序批准首个治疗SMA的口服药物利司扑兰(Risdiplam)上市,使中国SMA患者和家庭有了新的治疗选择,同时也将进一步推动国内SMA的临床规范诊疗,改变呼吸管理方案。

2021年10月29日,来自神经内科、呼吸内科、急诊科、重症医学科等多个领域的权威国内专家,共同参加中国脊髓性肌萎缩症呼吸管理线上专家研讨会,旨在通过多学科、多领域的交流讨论,根据目前国内外指南/共识,结合我国临床实践情况,共同携手提出中国脊髓性肌萎缩症呼吸管理方案。这对规范我国呼吸科和重症监护室医生对SMA患者的临床评估和呼吸管理,进而提高SMA患者的生存和生活质量具有积极的推动意义。

首先,首都儿科研究所杨健教授、曹玲教授致开幕辞,就会议的召开背景和主要议题进行了介绍,并感谢参会专家前期的辛勤付出和出席会议,展开线上讨论。

与会专家各抒己见,畅所欲言,就SMA的发病机制与临床分型、呼吸系统病理生理学改变、面临的呼吸系统问题、呼吸状况相关检测与评估、呼吸管理、药物治疗、防疫接种等多个方面进行了充分讨论和梳理。

专家指出,应明确各型SMA患者具体的起病年龄、最大运动里程碑和临床表现,便于针对不同运动里程碑患儿进行特定的呼吸问题评估和管理。在SMA患者面临的众多呼吸系统问题中,由于膈肌功能障碍会导致反流,建议SMA患者及早筛查胃食管反流症状(包括烧心和反流),监测方法以24h食管pH-阻抗为主,减少反流可以通过抬高体位、幽门后喂养、或胃底折叠术实现。

临床医生在进行SMA相关呼吸状况检测与评估时,应明确评估的重要性,需注意SMA患儿和正常儿童的指标差异较大,可借鉴儿童肺康复的相关评估标准。鉴于我国使用无创呼吸机或咳嗽辅助机的SMA患者较少[3],居家管理应更多地关注社区支持、家庭护理方案指导、医保系统等。有专家建议,在急症管理中,需明确行有创气管插管术的时机和标准,如既往动脉血气基本正常,突然出现恶化(急性呼吸衰竭),或慢性呼吸衰竭进程中(低氧血症、高碳酸血症),PCO2上升10-20mmHg。

对于药物治疗,专家提示,目前没有证据表明常规使用广谱抗生素预防呼吸道感染可使无呼吸道感染及无气管切开的SMA患儿临床获益,反而过度使用抗生素可能导致细菌耐药的发生。疾病修正治疗药物很大程度上改变了SMA的自然病程,如利司扑兰治疗12个月后,90%和85%的1型SMA患儿存活且无需永久性辅助通气[4, 5],这预示着SMA患者对于呼吸管理的依赖性亦发生变化。

最后,专家一致认为,呼吸衰竭一直是SMA患者死亡的主要原因,对于计划或正在接受疾病修正药物治疗的SMA患者,需关注用药的长期疗效和对呼吸系统的影响,还需考虑SMA患者的具体情况、社区基础设施和家庭医疗支持情况及时调整用药方案。

 

参考文献:

[1] Mercuri E, Finkel RS, Muntoni F, et al. Diagnosis and management of spinal muscular atrophy: Part 1: Recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation, orthopedic and nutritional care[J].Neuromuscul Disord,2018,28(2):103-115.doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.11.005.

[2] Wijngaarde CA, Stam M, Otto LAM, et al. Population-based analysis of survival in spinal muscular atrophy[J].Neurology,2020,94(15):e1634-e1644.doi: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009248.

[3] 郭文卉, 常丽, 曹玲. 脊髓性肌萎缩相关呼吸系统疾病诊疗方案[J].中国医刊,2016,51(11):10-14.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1070.2016.11.004

[4] Darras BT, Masson R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, et al. Risdiplam-Treated Infants with Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy versus Historical Controls[J].N Eng  J Med,2021,385(5):427-435.doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2102047.

[5] Baranello G, Darras BT, Day JW, et al. Risdiplam in Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy[J].N Engl J Med,2021,384(10):915-923.doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2009965.

 

 

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    2022-10-01 zhouqu_8
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