部分穿透性角膜移植术

2016-03-06 MedSci MedSci原创

部分穿透性角膜移植术

  [适应证]

  1.角膜变性或营养不良。

  2.各种原因所致的角膜白斑。

  3.感染(病毒、细菌、真菌、阿米巴)所致药物不能控制的角膜炎或溃疡。

  4.角膜基质炎后混浊,先天性角膜混浊。

  5.圆锥角膜(变性期)。

  6.角膜血染。

  7.严重的角膜外伤、撕裂伤、化学伤。

  8.后弹力层膨出,角膜瘘。

  9.角膜内皮功能失代偿、角膜大泡性病变。

  [术前准备、麻醉]

  一般检查及处理同内眼手术。

  1.病人术前1~2天0.3%氟哌酸眼液滴眼。

  2.术前夜0.25%依色林眼膏包眼,或术前1小时1%匹罗卡品眼水滴眼2次。

  3.感染性角膜病作病原学检查(涂片检菌+培养)。

  4.化学烧伤查泪膜破裂时间和泪液分泌试验。

  5.穿通伤做B超或X线摄片。

  6.术前1小时服醋氮酰胺0.5g和安定5mg,小儿20%甘露醇(4ml/kg)静脉滴注。

  麻醉:成人球后、眼轮匝肌。小儿基础麻醉加局部麻醉、压迫眼球10分钟。

  [手术步骤]

  1.缝线或开睑器开睑。上、下直肌固定缝线。角膜瘘、穿孔、无晶体眼和小儿患者缝Fleiringa环(图1)。

图1 图2

  2.根据角膜病变范围选择环钻,一般用7~7.5mm环钻钻取植床。成人一般选比移植片小0.25mm的环钻,钻通植床并剪下病变角膜(图2)。

  3.钻取移植片 从上皮面,左手握以纱布包绕角膜向上的供眼,右手持环钻垂直置于供眼角膜中央,钻透后,用角膜剪剪下角膜植片(图3)。

图3 图4

  从内皮面取材,应预告取下带有巩膜瓣的角膜片(图4)。

  将角膜片内皮面朝上置于切割枕上,以锋利的环钻压切下角膜植片(图5)。

图5 图6

  4.固定植片,把植片放置在移植孔上,10-0尼龙缝线在12、6、3、9点固定(图6)。

  间断缝合,一般16针,连续缝合22~24针,间断缝合易于术后调整缝线减少散光,连续缝合刺激小,伤口封闭严,减少手术时间。缝合要达角膜厚度的4/5(图7)。

图7 图8

  5.重建前房 从植片缘注入生理盐水或消毒空气,以减少虹膜前粘、植片混浊,以达到水密为好(图8)。

图9

  6.散光检查,使用角膜散光盘在显微镜下,调整缝线松紧度(图9)。

  7.术毕结膜下注射庆大霉素2万单位、地塞米松2.5mg,包双眼。

  [术后处理]

  1.术后每天换药,双眼包扎2~3天。

  2.抗生素的应用视病情而定,一般全身用药2~3天。

  3.糖皮质激素静滴3~5天,改口服,10天后改生理量服1~3个月(真菌感染者慎用),一周后局部加1%环孢素A服水滴眼。

  4.针对不同感染的原发病继续使用有效的抗感染药物。

  5.裂隙灯显微镜每日观察术眼充血情况、缝线、植片透明度、厚度、前房、瞳孔及定时测眼压。

  6.拆线 成人缝线无刺激症状,无明显新生血管伸入,可在半年~1年间拆线,如角膜散光明显,在3个月后拆除部分缝线以矫正散光,小儿(2岁以下)一般在术后1~2个月拆线。

  [注意事项]

  1.选择环钻大小要适当,既要考虑尽可能切除病灶,又要减少术后的并发症,植孔的中心力求在瞳孔中心。如环钻超过8mm,易产生排斥反应,太小,光学效果差。

  2.保护好供体角膜内皮,钻切下的植片,要内皮面朝上,内皮面滴一滴生理盐水或Healon,防止干燥。

  3.钻切植床时,环钻与角膜面要垂直,植床倾斜,影响愈合;钻切时勿用力过猛,否则易伤及虹膜及晶状体,以某部分穿透后,用角膜剪完成为佳。有条件可在前房内注入少许Healon,更利于手术进行。

  4.缝合要对合好,缝合深度达角膜全层的4/5,每针间距尽量均匀,减少散光。

  5.术中形成前房尤为重要,以水密状态为佳,气密次之,如前房不能形成,要找原因,如漏气、漏水要加固缝合。

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    2016-09-23 cy0324
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    2016-03-08 snowpeakxu
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