肾脏同种异体移植物的排斥反应

2010-10-17 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

 在过去的半个世纪里,肾移植科学已取得了相当大的进展,主要有以下原因:对免疫系统在同种异体移植物排斥反应中的作用有了进一步了解,解开了移植物失功背后分子机制的谜团,以及免疫抑制得到了更好的管理1,2。排斥反应一直是(肾移植)的主要障碍。来自供者(在遗传学上不同于移植物受者)的组织或细胞移植,在受者中可引起一种抗供者移植物异型抗原的免疫应答,如果得不到控制,这种应答会破坏移植物。   最近已有发

 在过去的半个世纪里,肾移植科学已取得了相当大的进展,主要有以下原因:对免疫系统在同种异体移植物排斥反应中的作用有了进一步了解,解开了移植物失功背后分子机制的谜团,以及免疫抑制得到了更好的管理1,2。排斥反应一直是(肾移植)的主要障碍。来自供者(在遗传学上不同于移植物受者)的组织或细胞移植,在受者中可引起一种抗供者移植物异型抗原的免疫应答,如果得不到控制,这种应答会破坏移植物。

  最近已有发现阐明了T淋巴细胞(急性排斥反应的主要组分)是如何接近并识别同种异体移植物的。在以下方面人们已取得了重大进步:了解共刺激分子和细胞因子的作用,以及阐明固有免疫系统是如何参与移植物排斥反应的。在本篇综述中, 我们按照移植后的临床发生顺序,讨论同种异体肾移植物排斥反应背后的机制。

  同种异体移植物 排斥反应的临床特征

  在20世纪60年代早期,用于同种异体肾移植物受者的药物疗法,包括硫唑嘌呤和皮质类固醇,但急性排斥反应(伴有发热和移植物压痛)常见。这种临床现象实际上已经消失。在20世纪80年代,通过强效钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂引入的免疫抑制,以及供者与受者更好的免疫学匹配,改变了急性排斥反应的特性。目前移植术后1年内急性排斥反应的总危险<15%,虽然如此,实际发生的排斥反应比以前的排斥反应更加严重,并且,令人失望的是,超过5年的移植物存活率基本维持不变3

  虽然血清肌酐水平升高表明有排斥反应,但亚临床排斥反应有可能仅在器官活检时才显现,而且在没有肾功能障碍的情况下,可损伤同种异体移植物4。活检中的组织学检查所见,可影响预后和治疗选择4,5。排斥反应可以是超急性的(发生在几分钟内),急性的(发生在数天至数周内),远期急性的(发生于3个月以后),或慢性的(发生在移植术后数月至数年)。人们也可按照病理生理改变(细胞—间质、血管、抗体—内皮),严重度(组织学炎症和损伤的程度,用班夫方案评分或分级6,7),对治疗的疗效反应(有无糖皮质激素耐药),有无肾功能障碍(分别表明有急性或亚临床排斥反应),以及免疫学机制(获得性或先天性免疫系统反应)对它进行分类。

  对肾移植物的免疫学威胁,在移植术之前就开始了,并且源于供者脑死亡或围手术期缺血—再灌注损伤的全身效应。再灌注前的缺血可上调移植物的 HLA抗原表达,并可引起移植物内趋化因子、促炎细胞因子和黏附分子的一连串释放。这种HLA抗原的显露增加,可强化免疫应答并增加移植物的细胞浸润,这两种反应均可增加排斥反应的发生危险8,9

  先天免疫系统

  炎症途径可上调固有的损伤分子,并直接或间接地(通过T淋巴细胞的激活和募集)使排斥过程加重。受损的组织表达toll样受体系统的配体——损伤相关分子模式(DAMP)分子——以及其他的先天性危险分子10。Toll样受体一般可检出病原体,但它们也可察觉外来组织分子的存在,并可产生引起树突细胞成熟和活化的因子。这些细胞在促进急性排斥反应方面有重要作用9。先天免疫力的另一元素(补体系统)可产生C3a和C5a,它们可直接激活移植物内的T细胞和抗原呈递细胞11-14。在内皮表面,主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)Ⅰ类(多)肽相关序列A(MICA)抗原的增加,可激活自然杀伤细胞和CD8 T细胞。此外,移植物转归不良与对HLA匹配移植物内高度多态性的MICA抗原的敏感性有关15,16。(略) 

  未来方向

  尽管在治疗方面有技术的进步和改善,但同种免疫反应仍是成功肾移植的主要障碍。移植物排斥反应涉及的范围远比T细胞反应多。其他因素包括涉及自然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞和补体的固有免疫系统;涉及抗原特异性T淋巴细胞和B细胞的适应性免疫系统;以及移植物固有的细胞,例如内皮(细胞)。抗体介导的排斥反应越来越多地被认为是晚期移植物损伤的原因。

  目前的疗法集中于T细胞激活的起始阶段,并且该策略已将早期急性排斥反应降至最低程度。然而,我们需要增进对慢性移植物功能障碍背后机制的了解,并开发更好的疗法来预防移植物失功。被设计用来诱导免疫学耐受的方案,以及在高度致敏病人(既往暴露于异型抗原者)中进行的器官移植,也有可能改变排斥反应的性质和表现。

  基于淋巴细胞遗传标签或蛋白质组学或代谢组学模式的试验(采用尿样或血样),有望用于监测移植物状态。对于肾脏移植物,尿中对应于穿孔素、粒酶B、FOXP3或其他分子的mRNA水平,似乎比血循环中单个核细胞的mRNA水平更具排斥反应的预测性69。测量活化淋巴细胞的酶联免疫吸附斑点试验,以及丝裂原刺激的CD4 T细胞反应性试验,可以量化感染和排斥反应的危险70,71。然而,诊断性重叠以及验证其有用性的独立研究数量有限,使这些试验的临床价值变得模糊45,72,73。虽然得到微阵列转录组分析的补充能够改进诊断分类和对预后的判断,但移植物活检仍是主要的诊断工具56,74

  该领域进步的另一个障碍是我们对免疫反应下调或沉默背后机制的了解有限。我们不知道为什么在罕见病例中,受者似乎可以自然地耐受同种异体移植物,后者在没有免疫抑制的情况下行使功能。了解本篇综述中所讨论的机制,将允许我们研发出有免疫学特异性的方法,以预防排斥反应,并消除对有毒性的免疫抑制疗法的需求。

  (N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1451-62. October 7, 2010)

PDF全文下载: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra0902927  

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